Quick elements  H C O N

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Hydrogen

Atomic number:  1
Symbol:  H
Name origin:  from 'hydro genes' (Greek) - water forming
Discovered by:  Henry Cavendish in 1766
Characters:  colorless gas
Atomic mass:  1.007825 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -259.2 °C
Boling point:  -252.8 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1311 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.1
Density:  0.0899 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -1, 1
Electronic configuration:  1s¹

Helium

Atomic number:  2
Symbol:  He
Name origin:  from 'helios' (Greek) - sun
Discovered by:  Sir Ramsey in 1895
Characters:  colorless inert odorless gas
Atomic mass:  4.0026 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -272.2 °C
Boling point:  -268.9 °C
Energy of first ionization:  2372 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  0.1785 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  1s²

Lithium

Atomic number:  3
Symbol:  Li
Name origin:  from 'lithos' (Greek) - stone
Discovered by:  Johann Arfvedson in 1817
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver white soft metal
Atomic mass:  6.941 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  180.5 °C
Boling point:  1342 °C
Energy of first ionization:  520.1 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1
Density:  0.53 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s¹

Beryllium

Atomic number:  4
Symbol:  Be
Name origin:  from 'beryllos' (Greek) - beryl
Discovered by:  Abbé René-Just Hauy in 1798
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., gray metal
Atomic mass:  9.01218 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1280 °C
Boling point:  2970 °C
Energy of first ionization:  899.2 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.5
Density:  1.8477 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²

Boron

Atomic number:  5
Symbol:  B
Name origin:  from 'buraq' (Arabic) - borax
Discovered by:  Sir Humphry Davy and J.L Gay-Lussac in 1808
Characters:  monoclinic yellow or brown amorphous powder
Atomic mass:  10.81 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2076 °C
Boling point:  3927 °C
Energy of first ionization:  800.5 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2
Density:  2.34 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p¹

Carbon

Atomic number:  6
Symbol:  C
Name origin:  from 'carbo' (Latin) - charcoal
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  amorphous black (graphite); cubic cryst., colorless (diamond)
Atomic mass:  12.011 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  3652 °C
Boling point:  4827 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1086.1 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.5
Density:  2.62 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -4, 2, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p²

Nitrogen

Atomic number:  7
Symbol:  N
Name origin:  from 'nitron genes' (Greek) - nitre forming
Discovered by:  Rutherford in 1772
Characters:  colorless gas
Atomic mass:  14.0067 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -210 °C
Boling point:  -195.8 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1402 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  3
Density:  1.2506 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -3, 2, 3, 4, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p³

Oxygen

Atomic number:  8
Symbol:  O
Name origin:  from 'oxy genes' (Greek) - acid forming
Discovered by:  Joseph Priestly in 1774
Characters:  colorless gas
Atomic mass:  15.999 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -219 °C
Boling point:  -183 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1314 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  3.5
Density:  1.429 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁴

Fluorine

Atomic number:  9
Symbol:  F
Name origin:  from 'fluere' (Latin) - to flow
Discovered by:  Moissan in 1886
Characters:  green-yellow gas, poisonous
Atomic mass:  18.998403 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -219.6 °C
Boling point:  -188 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1680.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  4
Density:  1.696 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁵

Neon

Atomic number:  10
Symbol:  Ne
Name origin:  from 'neos' (Greek) - new
Discovered by:  Sir Ramsay in 1898
Characters:  colorless, inert gas
Atomic mass:  20.179 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -249 °C
Boling point:  -246 °C
Energy of first ionization:  2080 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  0.901 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶

Sodium

Atomic number:  11
Symbol:  Na
Name origin:  from 'soda' (English)
Discovered by:  Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver metal
Atomic mass:  22.98977 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  97.5 °C
Boling point:  883 °C
Energy of first ionization:  495.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.9
Density:  0.971 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹

Magnesium

Atomic number:  12
Symbol:  Mg
Name origin:  from 'Magnesia' (Greek) - the region in Greece
Discovered by:  Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver white metal
Atomic mass:  24.305 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  650 °C
Boling point:  1107 °C
Energy of first ionization:  737.5 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  1.738 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²

Aluminum

Atomic number:  13
Symbol:  Al
Name origin:  from 'alumen' (Latin) - alum
Discovered by:  Hans Christian Oersted in 1825
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver white ductile metal
Atomic mass:  26.98154 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  660.4 °C
Boling point:  2467 °C
Energy of first ionization:  577.4 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.5
Density:  2.702 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹

Silicon

Atomic number:  14
Symbol:  Si
Name origin:  from 'silicis' (Latin) - flint
Discovered by:  Jons Berzelius in 1823
Characters:  cubic steel gray or amorphous brown or black plates
Atomic mass:  28.0855 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1410 °C
Boling point:  3265 °C
Energy of first ionization:  786.3 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  2.329 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -4, 2, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p²

Phosphorus

Atomic number:  15
Symbol:  P
Name origin:  from 'phosphoros' (Greek) - bringer of light
Discovered by:  Hennig Brandt in 1669
Characters:  yellowish wax-like solid (yellow); amorphous red-brown powder (red)
Atomic mass:  30 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  44 °C
Boling point:  3265 °C
Energy of first ionization:  280 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.1
Density:  1.82 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -3, 3, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³

Sulphur

Atomic number:  16
Symbol:  S
Name origin:  from 'sulphurium' (Latin) - sulphur
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  rhombic yellow or monoclinic pale yellow
Atomic mass:  32.06 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  113 °C
Boling point:  445 °C
Energy of first ionization:  999.3 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.5
Density:  2.07 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -2, 2, 4, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴

Chlorine

Atomic number:  17
Symbol:  Cl
Name origin:  from 'chloros' (Greek) - pale green
Discovered by:  Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774
Characters:  green-yellow gas
Atomic mass:  35.453 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -101 °C
Boling point:  -34.6 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1255.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  3
Density:  3.214 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -1, 1, 5, 7
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵

Argon

Atomic number:  18
Symbol:  Ar
Name origin:  from 'argos' (Greek) - inactive
Discovered by:  Sir Ramsay in 1894
Characters:  colorless, inert gas
Atomic mass:  39.948 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -189 °C
Boling point:  -185.7 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1520 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  1.784 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶

Potassium

Atomic number:  19
Symbol:  K
Name origin:  from 'potash' (English)
Discovered by:  Sir Davy in 1808
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver metal
Atomic mass:  39.0983 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  63.2 °C
Boling point:  760 °C
Energy of first ionization:  418.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.8
Density:  0.862 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹

Calcium

Atomic number:  20
Symbol:  Ca
Name origin:  from 'calx' (Latin) - lime
Discovered by:  Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver white soft metal
Atomic mass:  40.08 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  840 °C
Boling point:  1484 °C
Energy of first ionization:  589.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1
Density:  1.55 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²

Scandium

Atomic number:  21
Symbol:  Sc
Name origin:  from 'Scandia' (Latin) - Scandinavia
Discovered by:  Lars Nilson in 1879
Characters:  silver metal
Atomic mass:  44.9559 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1541 °C
Boling point:  2836 °C
Energy of first ionization:  640.5 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  2.989 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹

Titanium

Atomic number:  22
Symbol:  Ti
Name origin:  after the 'Titans' (Greek myth.)
Discovered by:  William Gregor in 1791
Characters:  silver gray metal
Atomic mass:  47.9 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1660 °C
Boling point:  3287 °C
Energy of first ionization:  658 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.5
Density:  4.54 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d²

Vanadium

Atomic number:  23
Symbol:  V
Name origin:  after 'Vanadis' (Old Norse myth.) - goddess of beauty
Discovered by:  Nils Sefstrom in 1830
Characters:  cubic cryst., gray metal
Atomic mass:  50.9414 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1910 °C
Boling point:  3407 °C
Energy of first ionization:  649.1 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.6
Density:  5.8 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3, 4, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d³

Chromium

Atomic number:  24
Symbol:  Cr
Name origin:  from 'chroma' (Greek) - colour
Discovered by:  Vaughlin in 1797
Characters:  cubic cryst., steel gray very hard metal
Atomic mass:  51.996 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1907 °C
Boling point:  2672 °C
Energy of first ionization:  651.1 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.6
Density:  7.19 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹3d⁵

Manganese

Atomic number:  25
Symbol:  Mn
Name origin:  from 'magnes' (Latin) - magnet
Discovered by:  Johann Gahn in 1774
Characters:  cubic or tetragonal cryst., gray-pink metal
Atomic mass:  54.938 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1247 °C
Boling point:  2061 °C
Energy of first ionization:  716 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.5
Density:  7.43 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3, 4, 7
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁵

Iron

Atomic number:  26
Symbol:  Fe
Name origin:  from 'iren' (Anglo-Saxon)
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver metal (pure)
Atomic mass:  55.85 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1536 °C
Boling point:  2861 °C
Energy of first ionization:  761 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  7.86 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁶

Cobalt

Atomic number:  27
Symbol:  Co
Name origin:  from 'Kobold' (German) - goblin
Discovered by:  George Brandt in 1737
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver gray metal
Atomic mass:  58.9332 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1495 °C
Boling point:  2927 °C
Energy of first ionization:  757 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  8.9 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁷

Nickel

Atomic number:  28
Symbol:  Ni
Name origin:  from 'kupfernickel' (German) - Devil's copper
Discovered by:  Alex Constedt 1751
Characters:  cubic cryst., silvery metal
Atomic mass:  58.71 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1453 °C
Boling point:  2913 °C
Energy of first ionization:  735 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  8.9 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁸

Copper

Atomic number:  29
Symbol:  Cu
Name origin:  from 'cuprum' (Latin) - Cyprus
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  cubic cryst., reddish metal
Atomic mass:  63.546 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1083 °C
Boling point:  2595 °C
Energy of first ionization:  743.5 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  8.96 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1, 2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹3d¹⁰

Zinc

Atomic number:  30
Symbol:  Zn
Name origin:  from 'zink' (German)
Discovered by:  Andreas Marggraf in 1746
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., bluish-white metal
Atomic mass:  65.37 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  420 °C
Boling point:  907 °C
Energy of first ionization:  904.5 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.6
Density:  7.133 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰

Gallium

Atomic number:  31
Symbol:  Ga
Name origin:  from 'Gallia' (Latin) - France
Discovered by:  P. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875
Characters:  rhombic pseudotetragonal cryst., gray-blue metal
Atomic mass:  69.72 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  29.8 °C
Boling point:  2204 °C
Energy of first ionization:  578.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  5.907 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p¹

Germanium

Atomic number:  32
Symbol:  Ge
Name origin:  from 'Germania' (Latin) - Germany
Discovered by:  Clemens Winkler in 1886
Characters:  cubic cryst., gray-white metalloid
Atomic mass:  72.59 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  937 °C
Boling point:  2830 °C
Energy of first ionization:  761.2 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  5.323 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p²

Arsenic

Atomic number:  33
Symbol:  As
Name origin:  from 'arsenikos' (Greek) - brave, male
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver gray-black or amorphous black
Atomic mass:  74.9216 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  814 °C
Boling point:  615 °C
Energy of first ionization:  947 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2
Density:  5.72 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -3, 3, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p³

Selenium

Atomic number:  34
Symbol:  Se
Name origin:  from 'selene' (Greek) - moon
Discovered by:  Jons Berzelius 1817
Characters:  amorphous red (dark red) powder or vitreous brownish black or monoclinic red
Atomic mass:  78.96 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  217 °C
Boling point:  688 °C
Energy of first ionization:  940.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.4
Density:  4.79 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -2, 4, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁴

Bromine

Atomic number:  35
Symbol:  Br
Name origin:  from 'bromos' (Greek) - stench
Discovered by:  Anthoine Balard in 1826
Characters:  dark red liquid
Atomic mass:  79.904 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -7.2 °C
Boling point:  58.8 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1142.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.8
Density:  3.119 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -1, 1, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵

Krypton

Atomic number:  36
Symbol:  Kr
Name origin:  from 'kryptos' (Greek) - hidden
Discovered by:  Sir Ramsay in 1898
Characters:  colorless inert gas
Atomic mass:  83.8 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -157 °C
Boling point:  -153 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1351 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  3.74 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶

Rubidium

Atomic number:  37
Symbol:  Rb
Name origin:  from 'rubidus' (Latin) - dark red
Discovered by:  Robert Wilhem Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1861
Characters:  silver-white soft metal
Atomic mass:  85.4678 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  39 °C
Boling point:  696 °C
Energy of first ionization:  402.9 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.8
Density:  1.532 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹

Strontium

Atomic number:  38
Symbol:  Sr
Name origin:  after the village of 'Strontian', Scotland
Discovered by:  A. Crawford in 1790
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver white-pale yellow metal
Atomic mass:  87.62 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  769 °C
Boling point:  1384 °C
Energy of first ionization:  549.2 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1
Density:  2.54 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²

Yttrium

Atomic number:  39
Symbol:  Y
Name origin:  after the village of 'Ytterby', Sweden
Discovered by:  Johann Gadolin in 1794
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., gray-black metal
Atomic mass:  88.9059 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1500 °C
Boling point:  3336 °C
Energy of first ionization:  626 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  4.469 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹4d¹

Zirconium

Atomic number:  40
Symbol:  Zr
Name origin:  from 'zargun' (Arabic) - gold colour
Discovered by:  Martin Klaproth in 1789
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver white-gray metal
Atomic mass:  91.22 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1852 °C
Boling point:  4400 °C
Energy of first ionization:  669 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  6.49 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d²

Niobium

Atomic number:  41
Symbol:  Nb
Name origin:  from 'Niobe' (Greek myth.) - daughter of Tantalus
Discovered by:  Charles Hatchett 1801
Characters:  rhombic cryst., steel-gray lustrous metal
Atomic mass:  92.91 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2410 °C
Boling point:  5100 °C
Energy of first ionization:  652 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  8.57 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹4d⁴

Molybdenum

Atomic number:  42
Symbol:  Mo
Name origin:  from 'molybdos' (Greek) - lead
Discovered by:  Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver-white metal
Atomic mass:  95.94 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2610 °C
Boling point:  4825 °C
Energy of first ionization:  651 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  10.22 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹4d⁵

Technetium

Atomic number:  43
Symbol:  Tc
Name origin:  from 'technetos' (Greek) - artificial
Discovered by:  Carlo Perrier in 1937
Characters:  silvery gray metal
Atomic mass:  99 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2200 °C
Boling point:  4877 °C
Energy of first ionization:  702 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  11.5 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4, 6, 7
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d⁵

Ruthenium

Atomic number:  44
Symbol:  Ru
Name origin:  from 'Ruthenia' (Latin) - Russia
Discovered by:  Karl Klaus in 1844
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., gray-white brittle metal
Atomic mass:  101.1 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2250 °C
Boling point:  4150 °C
Energy of first ionization:  722.4 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  12.2 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹4d⁷

Rhodium

Atomic number:  45
Symbol:  Rh
Name origin:  from 'rhodon' (Greek) - rose
Discovered by:  William Wollaston in 1803
Characters:  cubic cryst., gray-white metal
Atomic mass:  102.91 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1970 °C
Boling point:  3727 °C
Energy of first ionization:  720 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  12.41 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹4d⁸

Palladium

Atomic number:  46
Symbol:  Pd
Name origin:  after the asteroid 'Pallas'
Discovered by:  William Wollaston in 1803
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver-white metal
Atomic mass:  106.42 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1560 °C
Boling point:  2927 °C
Energy of first ionization:  703 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  12.02 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶4d¹⁰

Silver

Atomic number:  47
Symbol:  Ag
Name origin:  from 'seolfur' (Anglo-Saxon) - silver
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  cubic cryst., white metal
Atomic mass:  107.87 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  962 °C
Boling point:  2212 °C
Energy of first ionization:  758 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  10.5 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s¹4d¹⁰

Cadmium

Atomic number:  48
Symbol:  Cd
Name origin:  from 'cadmia' (Latin) - calamine (zinc carbonate)
Discovered by:  Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver white malleable metal
Atomic mass:  112.4 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  321 °C
Boling point:  767 °C
Energy of first ionization:  866 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.7
Density:  8.65 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰

Indium

Atomic number:  49
Symbol:  In
Name origin:  from 'indigo' (dye) - due to blue line in spectrum
Discovered by:  Ferdinand Reich 1863
Characters:  tetragonal cryst., silver white soft metal
Atomic mass:  114.82 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  156 °C
Boling point:  2000 °C
Energy of first ionization:  558.2 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2
Density:  7.31 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p¹

Tin

Atomic number:  50
Symbol:  Sn
Name origin:  from 'tin' (Anglo-Saxon)
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  tetragonal cryst., white metal or cubic gray
Atomic mass:  118.69 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  232 °C
Boling point:  2270 °C
Energy of first ionization:  708.4 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  7.3 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p²

Antimony

Atomic number:  51
Symbol:  Sb
Name origin:  from 'anti monos' (Greek) - not alone
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver white metal
Atomic mass:  121.75 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  631 °C
Boling point:  1380 °C
Energy of first ionization:  834 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  6.684 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -3, 3, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p³

Tellurium

Atomic number:  52
Symbol:  Te
Name origin:  from 'tellus' (Latin) - Earth
Discovered by:  Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782
Characters:  rhombohedral silver-white or amorphous brown black
Atomic mass:  127.6 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  450 °C
Boling point:  1390 °C
Energy of first ionization:  869 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.1
Density:  6.24 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -2, 4, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁴

Iodine

Atomic number:  53
Symbol:  I
Name origin:  from 'iodes' (Greek) - violet
Discovered by:  Bernard Courtois in 1811
Characters:  rhombic violet-black cryst., metal lustrous
Atomic mass:  126.9045 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  114 °C
Boling point:  184 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1008.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.5
Density:  4.93 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -1, 5, 7
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁵

Xenon

Atomic number:  54
Symbol:  Xe
Name origin:  from 'xenos' (Greek) - stranger
Discovered by:  Sir Ramsay 1898
Characters:  colorless inert gas
Atomic mass:  131.29 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -112 °C
Boling point:  -107 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1170 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  5.8971 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶

Cesium

Atomic number:  55
Symbol:  Cs
Name origin:  from 'caesius' (Latin) - sky blue
Discovered by:  Fustov Kirchhoff in 1860
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver white ductile metal
Atomic mass:  132.9054 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  28.4 °C
Boling point:  669 °C
Energy of first ionization:  375.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.7
Density:  1.873 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s¹

Barium

Atomic number:  56
Symbol:  Ba
Name origin:  from 'barys' (Greek) - heavy
Discovered by:  Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808
Characters:  yellowish-silver metal
Atomic mass:  137.33 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  725 °C
Boling point:  1640 °C
Energy of first ionization:  502.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.9
Density:  3.51 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²

Lanthanum

Atomic number:  57
Symbol:  La
Name origin:  from 'lanthanein' (Greek) - to lie hidden
Discovered by:  Carl Mosander in 1839
Characters:  lead-gray metal
Atomic mass:  138.91 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  920 °C
Boling point:  3454 °C
Energy of first ionization:  539 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.1
Density:  6.7 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²5d¹

Cerium

Atomic number:  58
Symbol:  Ce
Name origin:  after the asteroid 'Ceres'
Discovered by:  W. von Hisinger in 1903
Characters:  cubic or hexagonal cryst., steel gray metal
Atomic mass:  140.12 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  799 °C
Boling point:  3426 °C
Energy of first ionization:  526.8 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.1
Density:  6.773 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹5d¹

Praseodymium

Atomic number:  59
Symbol:  Pr
Name origin:  from 'prasios didymos' (Greek) - green twin
Discovered by:  von Welsbach in 1885
Characters:  pale yellow metal
Atomic mass:  140.91 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  931 °C
Boling point:  3512 °C
Energy of first ionization:  522 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.1
Density:  6.77 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f³

Neodymium

Atomic number:  60
Symbol:  Nd
Name origin:  from 'neos didymos' (Greek) - new twin
Discovered by:  Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885
Characters:  yellowish metal
Atomic mass:  144.2 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1024 °C
Boling point:  3074 °C
Energy of first ionization:  533 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.14
Density:  7.007 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁴

Promethium

Atomic number:  61
Symbol:  Pm
Name origin:  after 'Prometheus' (Greek myth.)
Discovered by:  Marinsky 1945
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  147 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1168 °C
Boling point:  2460 °C
Energy of first ionization:  534.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  6.475 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁵

Samarium

Atomic number:  62
Symbol:  Sm
Name origin:  from mineral 'samarskite'
Discovered by:  P. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., gray-white metal
Atomic mass:  150.35 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1072 °C
Boling point:  1790 °C
Energy of first ionization:  542.3 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  7.54 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁶

Europium

Atomic number:  63
Symbol:  Eu
Name origin:  after Europe
Discovered by:  Carl Mosander in 1843
Characters:  steel gray metal
Atomic mass:  167.26 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1522 °C
Boling point:  2510 °C
Energy of first ionization:  587.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  5.259 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁷

Gadolinium

Atomic number:  64
Symbol:  Gd
Name origin:  after J.Gadolin, a Finnish chemist
Discovered by:  Jean de Marignac in 1880
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  157.25 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1313 °C
Boling point:  3266 °C
Energy of first ionization:  591.4 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.1
Density:  7.895 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁷5d¹

Terbium

Atomic number:  65
Symbol:  Tb
Name origin:  after the village of 'Ytterby', Sweden
Discovered by:  Carl Mosander in 1843
Characters:  silvery gray metal
Atomic mass:  158.92534 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1360 °C
Boling point:  3041 °C
Energy of first ionization:  563.5 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  8.27 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁹

Dysprosium

Atomic number:  66
Symbol:  Dy
Name origin:  from 'dysprositos' (Greek) - hard to obtain
Discovered by:  P. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  162.5 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1412 °C
Boling point:  2562 °C
Energy of first ionization:  571.2 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  8.27 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁰

Holmium

Atomic number:  67
Symbol:  Ho
Name origin:  from 'Holmia' (Latin) - Stockholm
Discovered by:  J.L. Soret in 1878
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  164.9 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1474 °C
Boling point:  2695 °C
Energy of first ionization:  580 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  8.54 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹¹

Erbium

Atomic number:  68
Symbol:  Er
Name origin:  after the village of 'Ytterby', Sweden
Discovered by:  Carl Mosander in 1843
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  167.26 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1522 °C
Boling point:  2510 °C
Energy of first ionization:  587.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  8.795 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹²

Thulium

Atomic number:  69
Symbol:  Tm
Name origin:  after 'Thule', an ancient name for Scandinavia
Discovered by:  Theodore Cleve 1879
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  168.93 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1545 °C
Boling point:  1947 °C
Energy of first ionization:  595.3 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  9.321 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹³

Ytterbium

Atomic number:  70
Symbol:  Yb
Name origin:  after the village of 'Ytterby', Sweden
Discovered by:  Jean de Marignac in 1878
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  173.04 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  824 °C
Boling point:  1466 °C
Energy of first ionization:  602.4 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.1
Density:  6.98 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴

Lutetium

Atomic number:  71
Symbol:  Lu
Name origin:  from 'Lutetia' (Latin) - Paris
Discovered by:  George Urbain in 1907
Characters:  silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  174.97 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1663 °C
Boling point:  3395 °C
Energy of first ionization:  522.7 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.2
Density:  9.85 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹

Hafnium

Atomic number:  72
Symbol:  Hf
Name origin:  from 'Hafnia' (Latin) - Copenhagen
Discovered by:  Dirk Coster in 1923
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., gray metal
Atomic mass:  178.49 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2200 °C
Boling point:  5200 °C
Energy of first ionization:  530 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.3
Density:  13.2 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d²

Tantalum

Atomic number:  73
Symbol:  Ta
Name origin:  from 'Tantalus' (Greek myth.) - father of Niobe
Discovered by:  Anders Ekeberg in 1802
Characters:  cubic cryst., gray-blue metal
Atomic mass:  180.95 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2850 °C
Boling point:  6000 °C
Energy of first ionization:  674.2 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.5
Density:  16.654 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d³

Tungsten

Atomic number:  74
Symbol:  W
Name origin:  from 'tung sten' (Swedish) - heavy stone
Discovered by:  Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in 1783
Characters:  cubic cryst., gray-black metal
Atomic mass:  183.85 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  3410 °C
Boling point:  5660 °C
Energy of first ionization:  768.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.7
Density:  19.3 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d⁴

Rhenium

Atomic number:  75
Symbol:  Re
Name origin:  from 'Rhenus' (Latin) - Rhine
Discovered by:  Walter Noddack in 1925
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silvery white lustrous metal
Atomic mass:  186.23 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  3170 °C
Boling point:  5627 °C
Energy of first ionization:  759 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  21.02 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4, 6, 7
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d⁵

Osmium

Atomic number:  76
Symbol:  Os
Name origin:  from 'osme' (Greek) - smell
Discovered by:  Smithson Tennant in 1803
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., bluish gray metal
Atomic mass:  190.2 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  3045 °C
Boling point:  5027 °C
Energy of first ionization:  838 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  22.4 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d⁶

Iridium

Atomic number:  77
Symbol:  Ir
Name origin:  from 'iris' (Latin) - rainbow
Discovered by:  Smithson Tennant in 1804
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver-white metal
Atomic mass:  192.2 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  2450 °C
Boling point:  4527 °C
Energy of first ionization:  886 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  22.5 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d⁷

Platinum

Atomic number:  78
Symbol:  Pt
Name origin:  from 'platina' (Spanish) - silver
Discovered by:  Julius Scaliger in 1735
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver metal
Atomic mass:  195.09 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1772 °C
Boling point:  3800 °C
Energy of first ionization:  867 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  21.45 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s¹4f¹⁴5d⁹

Gold

Atomic number:  79
Symbol:  Au
Name origin:  from 'geolo' (Anglo-Saxon)
Discovered by:  c.a. 3000 BC
Characters:  cubic cryst., yellow ductile metal
Atomic mass:  196.9655 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1062 °C
Boling point:  2000 °C
Energy of first ionization:  888 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.4
Density:  19.32 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s¹4f¹⁴5d¹⁰

Mercury

Atomic number:  80
Symbol:  Hg
Name origin:  after the planet 'Mercury'
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  silvery white liquid metal
Atomic mass:  200.59 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -38.9 °C
Boling point:  356.6 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1004.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  13.456 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1, 2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰

Thallium

Atomic number:  81
Symbol:  Tl
Name origin:  from 'thallos' (Greek) - green shoot
Discovered by:  Sir William Crookes in 1861
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  204.383 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1800 °C
Boling point:  4200 °C
Energy of first ionization:  589.1 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  11.85 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p¹

Lead

Atomic number:  82
Symbol:  Pb
Name origin:  unknown
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver blue-white soft metal
Atomic mass:  207.2 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  327 °C
Boling point:  1755 °C
Energy of first ionization:  715.4 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.8
Density:  11.34 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p²

Bismuth

Atomic number:  83
Symbol:  Bi
Name origin:  from 'weisse masse' (German) - white mass
Discovered by:  The ancients
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver white or reddish metal
Atomic mass:  208.9804 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  271 °C
Boling point:  1420 °C
Energy of first ionization:  703 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.9
Density:  9.8 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p³

Polonium

Atomic number:  84
Symbol:  Po
Name origin:  after Poland - birthplace of M.Curie
Discovered by:  Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898
Characters:  monoclinic cryst., silvery metal
Atomic mass:  210 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  254 °C
Boling point:  962 °C
Energy of first ionization:  813 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2
Density:  9.4 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 4, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁴

Astatine

Atomic number:  85
Symbol:  At
Name origin:  from 'astatos' (Greek) - unstable
Discovered by:  D.R. Corson 1940
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  210 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  302 °C
Boling point:  337 °C
Energy of first ionization:  962 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  2.2
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  -1, 1, 3, 5, 7
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁵

Radon

Atomic number:  86
Symbol:  Rn
Name origin:  after the element 'radium'
Discovered by:  Fredrich Ernst Dorn in 1898
Characters:  colorless gas
Atomic mass:  222 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  -71 °C
Boling point:  -62 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1037 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  9.73 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶

Francium

Atomic number:  87
Symbol:  Fr
Name origin:  after France
Discovered by:  Marguerite Derey in 1939
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  233 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  27 °C
Boling point:  677 °C
Energy of first ionization:  375 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.7
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  1
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s¹

Radium

Atomic number:  88
Symbol:  Ra
Name origin:  from 'radius' (Latin) - ray
Discovered by:  Pierre and Marie Curie 1898
Characters:  silver-white metal
Atomic mass:  226.0254 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  700 °C
Boling point:  1140 °C
Energy of first ionization:  509.1 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  0.9
Density:  5 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²

Actinium

Atomic number:  89
Symbol:  Ac
Name origin:  from 'aktinos' (Greek) - ray
Discovered by:  André Debierne in 1899
Characters:  cubic cryst., silvery-white metal
Atomic mass:  227 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1050 °C
Boling point:  3250 °C
Energy of first ionization:  664.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.1
Density:  10.07 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²6d¹

Thorium

Atomic number:  90
Symbol:  Th
Name origin:  after 'Thor', god of war (Scandinavian)
Discovered by:  Jons Berzelius in 1828
Characters:  cubic cryst., silvery metal
Atomic mass:  232.04 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1750 °C
Boling point:  4790 °C
Energy of first ionization:  1107.6 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.3
Density:  11.72 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²6d²

Protactinium

Atomic number:  91
Symbol:  Pa
Name origin:  from 'protos' (Greek) - prior (combined with 'Actinium')
Discovered by:  K. Kajans and O.H. Gohring in 1913
Characters:  orthorhombic cryst., silvery metal
Atomic mass:  231.0359 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1600 °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.5
Density:  15.37 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4, 5
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f²6d¹

Uranium

Atomic number:  92
Symbol:  U
Name origin:  after the planet 'Uranus'
Discovered by:  Martin Klaproth 1789
Characters:  cubic cryst., silver white metal
Atomic mass:  238.03 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1132 °C
Boling point:  3818 °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.7
Density:  18.95 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  4, 5, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f³6d¹

Neptunium

Atomic number:  93
Symbol:  Np
Name origin:  after the planet 'Neptune'
Discovered by:  McMillan in 1940
Characters:  silvery metal
Atomic mass:  237 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  640 °C
Boling point:  3902 °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.3
Density:  20.25 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4, 5, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f⁴6d¹

Plutonium

Atomic number:  94
Symbol:  Pu
Name origin:  after the planet 'Pluto'
Discovered by:  G.T. Seaborg in 1940
Characters:  monoclinic cryst., silvery metal
Atomic mass:  244 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  641 °C
Boling point:  3232 °C
Energy of first ionization:  560 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.3
Density:  19.84 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4, 5, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f⁶

Americium

Atomic number:  95
Symbol:  Am
Name origin:  from 'America'
Discovered by:  G.T. Seaborg in 1945
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silvery white metal
Atomic mass:  243 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  994 °C
Boling point:  2607 °C
Energy of first ionization:  579 KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  1.3
Density:  13.67 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4, 5, 6
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f⁷

Curium

Atomic number:  96
Symbol:  Cm
Name origin:  after Pierre and Marie Curie
Discovered by:  G.T. Seaborg in 1944
Characters:  hexagonal cryst., silver metal
Atomic mass:  247 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  1340 °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  13.51 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f⁷6d¹

Berkelium

Atomic number:  97
Symbol:  Bk
Name origin:  after Berkeley University
Discovered by:  G.T. Seaborg 1949
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  247 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  14 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3, 4
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f⁹

Californium

Atomic number:  98
Symbol:  Cf
Name origin:  after the State and University of California
Discovered by:  G.T. Seaborg 1950
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  251 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁰

Einsteinium

Atomic number:  99
Symbol:  Es
Name origin:  after Albert Einstein
Discovered by:  Argonne at the University of California in 1952
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  254 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  15.1 g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹¹

Fermium

Atomic number:  100
Symbol:  Fm
Name origin:  after Enrico Fermi
Discovered by:  Ghiorso in 1952
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  257 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹²

Mendelevium

Atomic number:  101
Symbol:  Md
Name origin:  after Dmitri Mendeleev
Discovered by:  G.T. Seaborg in 1955
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  258 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹³

Nobelium

Atomic number:  102
Symbol:  No
Name origin:  after Alfred Nobel
Discovered by:  Nobel Institute for Physics in 1957
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  259 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  2, 3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴

Lawrencium

Atomic number:  103
Symbol:  Lr
Name origin:  after Ernest Lawrence
Discovered by:  Albert Ghiorso in 1961
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  262 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  3
Electronic configuration:  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d¹

Rutherfordium

Atomic number:  104
Symbol:  Rf
Name origin:  after Ernest Rutherford
Discovered by:  Lord Rutherford of Nelson
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  260.9 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  unknown

Dubnium

Atomic number:  105
Symbol:  Db
Name origin:  after Dubna laboratory, USSR
Discovered by:  Albert Ghiorso in 1970
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  261.9 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  unknown

Seaborgium

Atomic number:  106
Symbol:  Sg
Name origin:  after Glenn T. Seaborg
Discovered by:  Albert Ghiorso in 1974
Characters:  
Atomic mass:  262.94 g*mol^-1
Melting point:  unknown °C
Boling point:  unknown °C
Energy of first ionization:  unknown KJ*mol^-1
Elecrtonegativity according to Pauling:  unknown
Density:  unknown g/cm³
Oxidation states:  unknown
Electronic configuration:  unknown